Prompt: Parts of a typical tower bell hung for swinging: 1. Bell yoke or headstock 2. canons, 3. crown, 4. shoulder, 5. waist, 6. sound bow, 7. lip, 8. mouth, 9. clapper, 10. bead line
Prompt: A bell is a directly struck idiophone percussion instrument. Most bells have the shape of a hollow cup that when struck vibrates in a single strong strike tone, with its sides forming an efficient resonator. The strike may be made by an internal "clapper" or "uvula", an external hammer, or—in small bells—by a small loose sphere enclosed within the body of the bell (jingle bell). Bells are usually cast from bell metal (a type of bronze) for its resonant properties, but can also be made from other hard materials. This depends on the function. Some small bells such as ornamental bells or cowbells can be made from cast or pressed metal, glass or ceramic, but large bells such as a church, clock and tower bells are normally cast from bell metal. Bells intended to be heard over a wide area can range from a single bell hung in a turret or bell-gable, to a musical ensemble such as an English ring of bells, a carillon or a Russian zvon which are tuned to a common scale and installed in a bell tower. Many public or institutional buildings house bells, most commonly as clock bells to sound the hours and quarters.
Prompt: The Town Hall has three main stories, lined with pointed Gothic windows on the three sides visible from the Grote Markt. Above is a gallery parapet, behind which rises a steep roof studded with four tiers of dormers. At the angles of the roof are octagonal turrets pierced with slits allowing for the passage of light. Statues in canopied niches are distributed all over the building. The corbels supporting the statues are carved with Biblical scenes in high relief. While the niches and corbels are original with the building, the 236 statues themselves are relatively recent, dating from after 1850. Those of the first floor represent personages of importance in the city's local history; those of the second, patron saints and symbolic figures; those of the third, the Counts of Leuven and Dukes of Brabant from various ages. The main façade has an entrance staircase, and two portals in the centre, above which are figures of Saint Peter (left) and the Madonna and Child (right), the former in compliment to the patron of the church opposite.
Prompt: The building utilizes wrapped glass on the east, north, and west both for aesthetics and to reduce the amount of reflective surface area on the south facade, which also features brushed Jura limestone. Flared walls reaching from the southwest and southeast corners of the core span the entire height of the tower, and there is a column-free 24-meter-tall lobby.
Prompt: The building's original marble cladding was replaced after several panels fell from the building in 1985 and 1986. The problem was traced to the thinness of the panels (1.25 inches (3.2 cm) and the method of anchorage to the frame. As a result of extensive investigation, the panels were replaced with neoparium, a glass product that appeared indistinguishable from marble at more than 100 feet (30 m). This failure mode was not uncommon in buildings of this era that employed thin marble cladding. Several buildings, most notably the Aon Center in Chicago were re-clad with materials other than marble.
Prompt: Le Corbusier's design called for the use of raw concrete, whose surface was not smoothed or polished and which showed the marks of the forms in which it dried. Pierre Jeanneret wrote to his cousin that he was in a continual battle with the construction workers, who could not resist the urge to smooth and finish the raw concrete, particularly when important visitors were coming to the site. At one point one thousand workers were employed on the site of the High Court of Justice. Le Corbusier wrote to his mother, "It is an architectural symphony which surpasses all my hopes, which flashes and develops under the light in a way which is unimaginable and unforgettable. From far, from up close, it provokes astonishment; all made with raw concrete and a cement cannon. Adorable, and grandiose. In all the centuries no one has seen that." The High Court of Justice, begun in 1951, was finished in 1956. The building was radical in its design; a parallelogram topped with an inverted parasol. Along the walls were high concrete grills 1.5 metres (4 feet 11 inches) thick which served as sunshades. The entry featured a monumental ramp and columns that allowed the air to circulate.
Prompt: The Museum of Glass was designed by Canadian architect Arthur Erickson and was his first major art museum in the United States. The museum totals 75,000 square feet (7,000 m²) in area, featuring 13,000 square feet (1,200 m²) in gallery space and a 7,000-square-foot (650 m²) hot shop. This hot shop, shaped as an angled cone, is the museum’s most striking architectural feature. The cone, inspired by the wood "beehive burners" of the sawmills that once dotted the waterway, is composed of 2,800 diamond-shaped stainless steel panels and is 100 feet (30 m) in diameter at its base. Also featured in the Museum of Glass’ architecture are a sweeping concrete stairway that spirals around the exterior of the building, and three rimless reflecting pools featured on the museum’s terraces. Connected to the museum is the Chihuly Bridge of Glass, designed by Arthur Erickson in collaboration with artist Dale Chihuly, to connect the Museum of Glass to downtown Tacoma.
Prompt: Dahinden influenced the field of architecture with ideas which have resulted in numerous suggestions and impulses. The centre of Dahinden's philosophy of the holistic nature of architecture is that it is a service to the human being. It is equally important to man as a physical and as a mental reality. In architecture the rational fulfilling of needs has to be complemented by taking into consideration the emotional world of the human being, whose state of mind and behavior are fundamentally influenced by architectural design. To Dahinden architecture as a language is of equal importance to architecture as a function. From this he has developed a very individual theory about contextualism in architecture.
Prompt: The distinctive white building resembles a flying saucer that has landed on its four legs. The initial design was created by James Langenheim, of Pereira & Luckman, subsequently taken to fruition by a team of architects and engineers headed by William Pereira and Charles Luckman, that also included Paul Williams and Welton Becket. The appearance of the building's signature crossed arches as homogeneous structures is a design illusion, created by topping four steel-reinforced concrete legs extending approximately 15 feet above the ground with hollow stucco-covered steel trusses. To counteract earthquake movements, the Theme Building was retrofitted in 2010 with a tuned mass damper without changing its outward appearance. Constructed near the beginning of the Space Age, the building is an example of how aeronautics and pop culture, design and architecture came together in Los Angeles.
Prompt: The Pavilions of Futuroscope in Poitiers by Denis Laming, 1984
The Tour de Montréal in Montreal by Roger Taillibert, 1987
The Tour de Montréal in Montreal by Roger Taillibert, 1987
L'Hemisfèric in the City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia by Santiago Calatrava, 1998
L'Hemisfèric in the City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia by Santiago Calatrava, 1998
The British Library of Political and Economic Science in London by Norman Foster, 2000
The British Library of Political and Economic Science in London by Norman Foster, 2000
L'Oceanogràfic in the City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia by Félix Candela, 2003
L'Oceanogràfic in the City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia by Félix Candela, 2003
Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife by Santiago Calatrava, 2003
Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife by Santiago Calatrava, 2003
El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía in the City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia by Santiago Calatrava, 2005
El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía in the City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia by Santiago Calatrava, 2005
The Turning Torso in Malmö by Santiago Calatrava, 2005
The Turning Torso in Malmö by Santiago Calatrava, 2005
Prompt: The Beaux-Arts training emphasized the mainstream examples of Imperial Roman architecture between Augustus and the Severan emperors, Italian Renaissance, and French and Italian Baroque models especially, but the training could then be applied to a broader range of models: Quattrocento Florentine palace fronts or French late Gothic. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, which had a strong local history in the American Greek Revival of the early 19th century. For the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details. Beaux-Arts training made great use of agrafes, clasps that link one architectural detail to another; to interpenetration of forms, a Baroque habit; to "speaking architecture" (architecture parlante) in which the appropriateness of symbolism was paid particularly close attention. Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program, and knowledgeable detailing. Site considerations included the social and urban context.
Prompt: Beaux-Arts architecture depended on sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines, employing French and Italian Baroque and Rococo formulas combined with an impressionistic finish and realism. In the façade shown above, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in a natural action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. Slightly overscaled details, bold sculptural supporting consoles, rich deep cornices, swags and sculptural enrichments in the most bravura finish the client could afford gave employment to several generations of architectural modellers and carvers of Italian and Central European backgrounds. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the design teams of the first truly modern architectural offices.
Prompt: According to Khan-Magomedov, two forerunners of the style were Ivan Fomin and Ilya Golosov. They converged on the same form from opposite directions – neoclassicism and constructivism. Fomin's concept, easily formulated, erected in steel and granite in Moscow (Dynamo Building), was well understood even by the inexperienced youth. "The youth instinctively followed those who managed to declare their stance clearly. The youth believed that this period is a self-sufficient cultural stage, not a transition to something else". In 1933–34, Golosov publicly disposed of the avant-garde. He returned to Neoclassicism, trying to avoid direct citations from the past. For example, he used square columns instead of traditional, round ones. Square, lean columns without capitals became a trademark feature of the emerging style. Golosov's entries in public design contests exposed his style to numerous followers.
Prompt: The name De Stijl is supposedly derived from Gottfried Semper's Der Stil in den technischen und tektonischen Künsten oder Praktische Ästhetik (1861–3), which Curl[3] suggests was mistakenly believed to advocate materialism and functionalism. The "plastic vision" of De Stijl artists, also called Neo-Plasticism, saw itself as reaching beyond the changing appearance of natural things to bring an audience into intimate contact with an immutable core of reality, a reality that was not so much a visible fact as an underlying spiritual vision.[6] In general, De Stijl proposed ultimate simplicity and abstraction, both in architecture and painting, by using only straight horizontal and vertical lines and rectangular forms. Furthermore, their formal vocabulary was limited to the primary colours, red, yellow, and blue, and the three primary values, black, white, and grey. The works avoided symmetry and attained aesthetic balance by the use of opposition. This element of the movement embodies the second meaning of stijl: "a post, jamb or support"; this is best exemplified by the construction of crossing joints, most commonly seen in carpentry.
Prompt: Mondrian sets forth the delimitations of Neoplasticism in his essay "Neo-Plasticism in Pictorial Art". He writes, "this new plastic idea will ignore the particulars of appearance, that is to say, natural form and colour. On the contrary, it should find its expression in the abstraction of form and colour, that is to say, in the straight line and the clearly defined primary colour". With these constraints, his art allows only primary colours and non-colours, only squares and rectangles, only straight and horizontal or vertical lines.[4] The De Stijl movement posited the fundamental principle of the geometry of the straight line, the square, and the rectangle, combined with a strong asymmetricality; the predominant use of pure primary colors with black and white; and the relationship between positive and negative elements in an arrangement of non-objective forms and lines.[5]
Prompt: De Stijl, Dutch for "The Style", also known as Neoplasticism, was a Dutch art movement founded in 1917 in Leiden. De Stijl consisted of artists and architects.[1] In a more narrow sense, the term De Stijl is used to refer to a body of work from 1917 to 1931 founded in the Netherlands.[2][3] Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to vertical and horizontal, using only black, white and primary colors.
Prompt: Art Nouveau had its origins in Britain, mainly in the work of William Morris and Arts and Crafts movement which was founded by students of Morris. Through Morris, formative and essential influence will be Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood, which was in turn championed and sometimes even financially supported by John Ruskin. Ruskin's influence on the formation of Arts and Crafts and Modern Style is hard to overstate. Arts and Crafts movement called for better treatment of decorative arts, believed all objects should be made beautiful and took inspiration from folklore, medieval craftsmanship and design, and nature. Red House, Bexleyheath (1860), architectural work by Philip Webb with interiors done by William Morris is one of the early prototypes. Work of Arthur Mackmurdo is the earliest fully realized form of the Art Nouveau, his Mahogany chair from 1883 and design for a cover for essay Wren's City Churches are recognized by art historians as the very first works in the new style. Mackmurdo's work shows influence of another British illustrator William Blake, whose designs for Songs of Innocence and of Experience from 1789 certainly point to even earlier origin of Art Nouveau.
Prompt: Archibald Knox was a defining person of these lines and metalware of the style. In the field of ceramic and glass Christopher Dresser is a standout figure. Not only did he work with the most prominent ceramic manufacturers but became a crucial person behind James Couper & Sons trademarking of Clutha glass inspired by ancient Rome in 1888. Aubrey Beardsley was a defining person in graphic and drawing, and influenced painting and style in general. In textiles William Morris and C. F. A. Voysey are of huge importance, although most artists were versatile and worked in many mediums and fields, influencing them all to an extent. Because of the natural evolution of Arts and Crafts to Modern Style, lines can be blurred and many designers, artists, and craftsmen worked in both styles simultaneously. Important figures include Charles Robert Ashbee, Walter Crane, Léon-Victor Solon, George Skipper, Charles Harrison Townsend, Arthur Mackmurdo, William James Neatby.
Prompt: The Modern Style is a style of architecture, art, and design that first emerged in the United Kingdom in the mid-1880s. It is the first Art Nouveau style worldwide, and it represents the evolution of the Arts and Crafts movement which was native to Great Britain. Britain not only provided the base and intellectual background for the Art Nouveau movement, which was adapted by other countries to give birth to local variants; they also played an over-sized role in its dissemination and cultivation through the Liberty department store and The Studio magazine. The most important person in the field of design in general and architecture in particular, was Charles Rennie Mackintosh. He created one of the key motifs of the movement, now known as the 'Mackintosh rose' or 'Glasgow rose'. The Glasgow School was also of tremendous importance, particularly due to a group closely associated with Mackintosh, known as 'The Four'. The Liberty store nurturing of style gave birth to two metalware lines, Cymric and Tudric.
Prompt: Antoni Gaudi and Shukhov carried out experiments with hyperboloid structures nearly simultaneously, but independently, in 1880–1895. Antoni Gaudi used structures in the form of hyperbolic paraboloid (hypar) and hyperboloid of revolution in the Sagrada Família in 1910.[4] In the Sagrada Família, there are a few places on the nativity facade – a design not equated with Gaudi's ruled-surface design, where the hyperboloid crops up. All around the scene with the pelican, there are numerous examples (including the basket held by one of the figures). There is a hyperboloid adding structural stability to the cypress tree (by connecting it to the bridge). The "bishop's mitre" spires are capped with hyperboloids.[citation needed]
Prompt: Jugendstil was an artistic movement, particularly in the decorative arts, that was influential primarily in Germany and elsewhere in Europe to a lesser extent from about 1895 until about 1910. It was the German counterpart of Art Nouveau. The members of the movement were reacting against the historicism and neo-classicism of the official art and architecture academies. It took its name from the art journal Jugend, founded by the German artist Georg Hirth. It was especially active in the graphic arts and interior decoration.
Prompt: After 1900 he became involved in industrial design and the reform of architecture to more functional forms. In 1902, he participated in the Turin International Exposition, one of the first major Europe-wide showcases of Art Nouveau. In 1907, Behrens and a group of other notable Jugendstil artists, including (Hermann Muthesius, Theodor Fischer, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Bruno Paul, Richard Riemerschmid, and Fritz Schumacher, created the Deutscher Werkbund. Modeled after the Arts and Crafts movement in England, it was goal was to improve and modernize the design of industrial products and everyday objects. He first major project was AEG turbine factory in Berlin (1908–1909). Behren's assistants and students at this time included Mies van der Rohe, C. E. Jeanerette (the future Le Corbusier), and Walter Gropius, the future head of the Bauhaus. The work of Behrens and the Werkbund effectively launched the transition from the Jugendstil to modernism in Germany, and the end of the Jugendstil.[7]
Prompt: The ideal of designers of the Jugendstil was to make a house a complete work of art, with everything inside, from the furniture to the carpets and the dishware, silverware and the art, in perfect harmony. With this ideal in mind, they established their own workshops to produce furniture. August Endell, Theodor Fischer, Bruno Paul, and especially Richard Riemerschmid were important figures in Jugendstil furniture.
Prompt: A key element of the Nuragic religion was that of fertility, connected to the male power of the Bull-Sun and the female one of Water-Moon. According to the scholars' studies, there existed a Mediterranean-type Mother Goddess and a God-Father (Babai). An important role was that of mythological heroes such as Norax, Sardus, Iolaos and Aristeus, military leaders also considered to be divinities. The excavations have indicated that the Nuragic people, in determinate periods of the year, gathered in common holy places, usually characterized by sitting steps and the presence of a holy pit. In some holy areas, such as Gremanu at Fonni, Serra Orrios at Dorgali and S'Arcu 'e Is Forros at Villagrande Strisaili, there were rectangular temples, with central holy room housing perhaps a holy fire. The deities worshipped are unknown, but were perhaps connected to water, or to astronomical entities (Sun, Moon, solstices).
Prompt: As a growing scientific object, nature represents modernity at the end of the 19th century. A model of perfect beauty, nature is therefore widely exploited as a theme by the Art Nouveau movement, but going beyond traditional naturalism. Although many Art Nouveau artists came out of their studios to see nature more closely, they also made extensive use of numerous scientific publications which describe and represent the fauna and flora as precisely as possible so as not to reproduce their image as faithfully as possible, but to find a new aesthetic form. Moreover, a number of Art Nouveau creators have studied scientifically and published in university journals47. Thus, this idea of going beyond traditional representations of nature by exploiting above all the forms offered by fauna and flora appears very early via the Arts and crafts movement and is theorized by several figures of the movement such as Owen Jones or van de Velde. The artists largely took over Ernst Haeckel's work Artistic forms of nature which, published between 1899 and 1904, is for them like an immense repertoire of forms. Josef Maria Olbrich thus declares: “What is there more likely to awaken in us feelings of l
Prompt: The decline of new art can be seen in particular by the estrangement of some of its creators, who turned to other styles (from 1905-1906) which themselves remained alive. Moreover, as the most influential representatives of this current are dispersed throughout Europe, they have not been able to develop a formal system, nor register within an official institution that would have legitimized and supported the movement42. However, this vision is the heiress of a historiography which, during a very important time, little studied the end of this movement. The vulgate of art history has long considered that later artistic movements broke radically with Art Nouveau. It should not be overlooked, however, that many artists who were fully members of the movement themselves and very gradually developed their practice, and that the new artists most of the time voluntarily fit into the continuity of the previous avant-gardes41.
Prompt: Between 1900 and 1914, Art Nouveau imposed itself and it began to be the subject of debate, discussion and criticism37. From 1900, many art critics attacked this movement. They criticize in particular for obstinately leaving aside one of the principles of the decorative arts, which states that the ornamentation of an object must be subordinated to its function. As early as the Universal Exhibition of 1900, Charles Genuys, critic for La revue des arts décoratifs, raised this point among others39. Art Nouveau was also violently attacked by nationalist movements, from the years 1904-1905, where French far-right associations condemned Hector Guimard in particular. These movements do not hesitate to use the same rhetoric as for the Jews, accusing these artists of being against the nation and needing to be eliminated6. In addition, the authentic creators are quickly overtaken by the success of a fashion of which they are the inspiration, and which triumphs from the universal exhibition in 1900, in particular in an invasive bimbeloterie which tarnishes for a long time the memory of Art. new. From 1910, the decorative arts salons were flooded with random objects, taking up old styles and
Prompt: This movement has conceptual and stylistic similarities with various variations of Art Nouveau that developed in Europe at the same time. However, it is distinguished by three aspects: its development in the continuity of the Catalan renaissance (1833-1880); the pressing need for evolution and political and social renewal claimed at its appearance, and, in a moment of growth of most of the cities of Catalonia at a frantic pace unknown since the Renaissance: Girona, Tarragona, Reus, Sabadell, Terrassa , Mataro and above all Barcelona with its Cerdà plan (launched in 1859), which offered 1,100 hectares of bare land to the imagination of architects19. In addition, and unlike other countries in Europe, Spanish Art Nouveau sought to create a national art where other countries sought to transcend their borders21. From 1886 Antoni Gaudí was the main representative of the new trends of this movement, with in particular the Güell Palace (1886-1890) decorated with wrought ironwork and pinnacles, which succeeded his orientalizing period initiated in 1883 (El Capricho, Casa Vicens) and preceded the Sainte-Thérèse College in Barcelona (1888-1889) with its already modern accents, then the f
Prompt: The beginnings of this art are perceptible in the dreamlike dimension of the work of pre-romantic painters. The style of Augustus Pugin (England, 1812-1852), classified among the artists of the neo-Gothic style, foreshadows the extraordinary decorative saturation of Art Nouveau, the freedom of forms, the power of color, the struggle between architecture and decoration, which is one of the great artistic battles of the second half of the 19th century6. Furthermore, pre-Raphaelism awakened in 1850 to curves and colours, inspired by the Italian masters of the 15th century or the Florentine Renaissance (Botticelli) in reaction to the industrial revolution15.
Prompt: Externally characteristic parts or elements of Art Nouveau are decorative curved lines and large floral ornaments. However, such formal classifications should not overlook the fact that Art Nouveau was by no means a cohesive movement. It is a series of partly divergent currents in Europe, which at best were really united in turning away from historicism, i.e. rejecting the hitherto common imitation of historically handed-down formal models. Numerous artistic programs and manifestos are associated with Art Nouveau. In today's understanding, it also stands for large overall artistic designs, such as that of the Palais Stoclet in Brussels, in which everything from the outer building to the decorative interior was designed in a uniform manner. This was also linked to the demand for the great fusion of "art and life", the re-inclusion of art in everyday life in the sense of a comprehensive artistic redesign of all everyday things, with the decorative arts being particularly important. On this point, however, Art Nouveau tied in with historicism, which had already elevated the “Gesamtkunstwerk” to a program. It was a programmatic alternative to the detachment of auratic works of art
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Neo Kotsiubiiv (Нео Коцюбіїв)
(neokotsiubiiv)
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Ukrainian dreamer show numerous variations of the Kotsiubiiv National Opera and Ballet Theatre. If you want to use some work in your works, you can do it. I would be glad to see the use or implementation of my robots somewhere. I wish you success in your work. P.S.: Українець - це шлях (Андрій Павленко). Борітеся — поборете (Тарас Шевченко)!
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