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**Gray Wolf
Scientific name: Canis lupus
Typical lifespan: 6-8 years in wild (up to ~13 in protection).
Gestation: ~62-65 days.
Diet: Carnivore - ungulates (deer, elk, moose), smaller mammals.
Role in nature: Keystone predator regulates prey numbers, restores trophic cascades (e.g., riverside vegetation recovery).
Range / countries: Historically
circumpolar; current populations in North America, Eurasia, parts of Middle East.
Size / height: Shoulder height ~60–90 cm depending on subspecies.
Weight: 25–70+ kg depending on region and sex.
Bite force: Powerful for canine - used in pack hunting to immobilize prey (hundreds of psi range).
Vision / hearing: Excellent night vision and hearing; olfactory sense highly developed.
Abilities: Cooperative pack hunting, endurance running, complex social communication.
Conservation: Variable - recovered in some regions, vulnerable in others due to conflict.
Extra: Pack social structure with alpha pair reproductive dominance; cultural transmission of hunting skills.
2025 September 04