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**Manta Ray (Giant Oceanic)
Scientific name: Mobula birostris (formerly Manta birostris)
Typical lifespan: 20-50 years (estimates vary).
Gestation: Ovoviviparous vivipary; gestation ~12–13 months, typically 1 pup.
Diet: Planktivore - filter-feeds on zooplankton and small fish.
Role in nature: Open-ocean plankton regulators; important in pelagic nutrient flows and ecotourism.
Range / countries: Tropical to subtropical oceans worldwide - cleaning-station
sites in Indonesia, Maldives, Mexico, etc.
Size / wingspan: Wingspan up to 4-7 m depending on species.
Weight: Hundreds of kg (varies greatly).
Bite force: Not applicable - filter feeders.
Vision / hearing: Good vision for large-scale navigation; sensory systems for flow detection.
Abilities: Graceful gliding, barrel rolls for feeding, long migrations, highly social at cleaning stations.
Conservation: Vulnerable in many areas to bycatch and targeted fishing.
Extra: Often exhibit distinct ventral spot patterns used for ID by researchers.
2025 september 12