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**African Penguin - Spheniscus demersus
Short: A charismatic coastal bird whose colonies have collapsed from reduced fish stocks, oil pollution and habitat disturbance.
Facts:
Status: Endangered.
Range: Southern African coast (South Africa, Namibia).
Habitat: Coastal islands and rocky shorelines.
Diet: Small pelagic fish (anchovy, sardine).
Lifespan: ~10-20 yrs.
Reproduction: Burrow or scrape nesters with biparental care.
Role: Marine food-web participant; indicator of fishery health.
Threats: Overfishing, oil spills, habitat degradation.
2025 October 22