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**Borneo Pygmy Elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis) - Borneo
Status: Endangered/regional concern.
Range / Countries: Borneo (Malaysia & Indonesia).
Habitat: Lowland rainforest, peat swamp, riverine forests.
Diet: Herbivore -leaves, bark, fruits.
Lifespan: ~60 years (similar to other elephants).
Reproduction: Long inter-birthing intervals; single calf dependence.
Ecological role: Seed dispersers, landscape shapers in peat and swamp systems.
Main threats: Deforestation for agriculture (palm oil), conflict with humans.
Conservation notes: Protecting peat swamp and lowland forests, community-based land-use solutions needed.
[These small-stature Bornean elephants are genetically and behaviorally distinct, reliant on intact peat-swamp and lowland rainforest. Documenting them can spotlight the peat and oil-palm trade’s costs.]